The birth of tobacco control
A pioneer in using behavioural science to adapt commercial marketing techniques for public education, in the late 1960s the Anti-Cancer Council in Victoria organised prominent Victorian Football League (VFL) footballers to promote the quit smoking message. In 1971, the Victorian Anti-Cancer Council traded on its respectability to push boundaries by securing community service spots for what broadcasters no doubt expected to be advertisements to promote cancer screening, but instead were hilarious spoofs of cigarette advertisements. The advertisements were quickly taken off air after complaints from tobacco companies, but prompted a flurry of news coverage that helped to build support for amendments to broadcasting legislation that would eventually see the end of TV advertising of cigarettes in Australia.
It wasn't until the early 1980s, however, that governments and cancer councils seriously began to challenge the power of the tobacco companies through the mass media and in popular culture. 22 Quit campaigns established in each state from 1983 used social marketing to 'sell' the message that smoking was harmful—see Chapter 14. 23 Budgets were secured to place television advertisements during prime-time television rather than merely late at night during the 'community service' spots. 24 Professional public relations companies encouraged media coverage about smoking and used celebrities and high-rating television and radio programs to popularise the 'Quit' message. 24 The tide began to turn. Public support for the 'Quit' initiative emboldened governments to seriously consider, and to start to enact recommendations from international health agencies to ban all forms of promotion of tobacco products, 25 to mandate prominent health warnings, 26 and to raise taxes on tobacco products with the dual objectives of making smoking less affordable and generating additional funds for expanded social marketing efforts and to replace tobacco sponsorship of sport. 27
Tobacco control hits its stride
Quit campaigns were underway in all states and territories by the late 1980s, sharing advertising materials and running a national phone line to advise and support people quitting smoking. Health education in schools remained a major theme but was complemented with more vigorous efforts to stop retailers from selling cigarettes to children—refer Chapter 5.
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, concerns about the health effects of exposure to other people's smoking 28 —see Chapter 4—led to the progressive restriction of smoking in more and more workplaces. 29,30 Once people 'got a taste of' clean air they 'couldn't get enough' 31 and ever-expanding restrictions of smoking in hospitality venues and public places—see Chapter 15—combined with the ever-growing evidence about the health effects of smoking—see Chapter 3— all contributed to a torrent of anti-smoking sentiment worldwide which in turn is having a profound effect on the frequency 32 and uptake of smoking. 33
Comprehensive tobacco control in full swing
A stalling of the decline in prevalence occurred in the mid-1990s, corresponding with reduced expenditure on public campaigns, 34 but a major injection of funds through the National Tobacco Campaign in 1997 35–37 kick-started the decline in smoking 38–40 and campaigns over the late 2000s were funded at more commercially realistic levels in most states—see Chapter 14. Smoking rates resumed their downward trend.
Taxes on large packets of cigarettes increased substantially in 1999, with further increases associated with implementation of Australia's Goods and Services Tax between June 2000 and February 2001—see Chapter 13. Governments continued to chip away at remaining forms of promotion, with all states outlawing advertising of products at point of sale in the early 2000s and then, towards the end of the decade, outlawing the display of products altogether—see Chapter 11, Section 11.9.
Smoking cessation aids were listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme in 2001, 2007 and 2011 and a variety of phone, internet and SMS programs have since been put in place across the country to support and encourage smokers in their quit attempts—see Chapter 7. These programs are soundly based on knowledge about addiction, the process of smoking cessation and the predictors of success in quitting that has continued to grow since the 1970s. However, the addictive properties of nicotine and the degree to which smoking is entrenched in smokers' lives continues to result in very high rates of relapse.
Tobacco control as a legal, economic and social justice issue
During the 1980s smoking came to be seen not just as a health issue, but also as a matter of consumer rights: that smokers have the right to be informed not just about all the diseases caused by smoking, but also about the addictive properties of nicotine and about the nature and effects of chemical residues in tobacco leaf and substances added during manufacture—see Chapter 12. 41 The consumer rights perspective translated into a number of legal actions against tobacco companies based on the premise that tobacco products are more harmful and more addictive than they need to be, and that companies failed to adequately warn consumers about the dangers of their use. The understanding that secondhand smoke is dangerous led courts and various tribunals concerned with workers' health and safety to award compensation for sickness arising from exposure to tobacco smoke in the workplace, which sent a powerful signal to governments and the private sector about the need to protect citizens from exposure to secondhand smoke—see Chapter 16. The courts also demonstrated the power of litigation by upholding laws designed to restrict the promotion of tobacco products and, potentially, of securing resources to fund tobacco control activity. The need for legal expertise in ensuring that law more generally works in the interests of public health is now well recognised.
Smoking is also now well understood in Australia as an economic issue—see Chapter 17— with the health care 42 and other economic costs associated with tobacco use 43 justifying a significant investment in the treatment of smoking and anti-smoking campaigns 44,45 both to reduce short-run costs 46 and as part of efforts to contain future costs in the public health system. 47–50
But reducing smoking is not just a matter of economic efficiency; smoking is also central to concerns about social equality. For several decades, smoking rates have been substantially higher among those who are educationally and socially disadvantaged—see Chapter 9. Reducing smoking and the attendant health costs, financial stress and intergenerational poverty associated with spending on tobacco products has become a major social justice issue, particularly among Australia's Indigenous population—see Chapter 8— and among those with living with mental illness or problems with drug and alcohol use. Tobacco use among the homeless, among those in correctional facilities and among others facing multiple and severe disadvantage is particularly high, and these groups have also been identified as priorities.
Understanding what has 'worked'
In the 50 years between 1962, when the Royal College of Physicians released its landmark report on the hazards of smoking, 10 and 2012 when this fourth edition of Facts and Issues is going on-line, the prevalence of smoking has more than halved—see Chapter 1, Section 1.3, and per capita consumption has declined by more than 75%—see Chapter 2, Section 2.3.
In line with the findings of research throughout the rest of the world, 51 studies measuring short-run effects have been able to attribute reductions in smoking prevalence in Australia to increasing taxes, 52,53 greater expenditure on social marketing campaigns 54,55,53 and smokefree policies. 56 Multivariate analysis of the effects of policy on prevalence of smoking among teenagers in various Australian states from 1990 to 2005 also indicates strong effects for increases in the price of tobacco products, expenditure on social marketing and comprehensiveness of laws mandating smokefree policies in public places. 57 Indeed, much of the decline in smoking in Australia since the late 1990s appears to be attributable not to more people quitting, but to fewer young people taking up smoking in the first place. 58,59 However, such studies tell only part of the story.
As illustrated in US Surgeon General's reports which have exhaustively reviewed the evidence about the effectiveness of tobacco control over the past five decades, 60,61 smoking is a multi-factorial problem—a tug-of-war between the forces which promote and facilitate the use of tobacco products and the forces which discourage and inhibit its use; a tug-of-war played out at the individual, household and community levels as well as in the wider culture. Each of the regulatory, educational and clinical factors highlighted in Figures I.2 and I.3 vary widely in their techniques and effects, some of which are contributory rather than independent, 60 and too complex to capture through standard statistical analysis. 62–64 However, each measure must have contributed in some way—either directly or indirectly, in the longer if not the short term—by having:
- reduced the glamour and appeal of tobacco products
- increased knowledge about health effects
- reduced cues or opportunities to smoke
- reduced the social acceptability of smoking
- reduced withdrawal symptoms during quitting
- increased smokers' knowledge about how to manage the quitting process.
Continuing progress requires a comprehensive approach to maintain momentum and ensure that government efforts on one front are not undermined by more vigorous efforts and greater investment by tobacco companies on other fronts.
Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues, edition 4
This is the fourth edition of Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues, a project originally conceptualised by Paul Magnus, a founding director of Action on Smoking and Health Australia (ASH). The first edition (1989), 191 compiled by Margaret Winstanley and ASH Director Stephen Woodward, and the second edition (1995), by Winstanley, Woodward and Noni Walker 192 rapidly became the standard compendia of tobacco control related information for Australia. The third, on-line edition edited by Winstanley and Michelle Scollo (2008) 193 greatly expanded the earlier editions and became one of the largest and most comprehensive repositories of information and analysis about tobacco control in the world.
Smoking and tobacco control must surely be the most exhaustively researched and thoroughly documented of any public health problem and any public policy initiative in history. This fourth and once again vastly expanded edition of Tobacco in Australia consists of 20 chapters summarising the health effects of smoking, documenting the history of tobacco control in Australia, describing past and current trends and explaining major policy topics from an Australian perspective. It contains 308 sections and 899 subsections, 10% more than in the previous edition and indicating a considerable widening in breadth. Even more significantly the word count has increased by 60% to more than half a million words, and the number of references by 120% to almost 8000. This expansion of content reflects both the increasing depth of understanding of tobacco control in Australia and internationally, and the increasing sophistication required to develop, argue the case for and defend policy in the political and legal realms both locally and internationally. The fourth edition also differs from the previous three in that it is only produced on-line.
Australia became a Signatory to the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) on 5 December 2003, soon after the Convention opened for signature. Australia was one of the first 40 countries to ratify the FCTC, and so became a full Party on 27 February 2005, the date on which the FCTC came into force. Australia is thus legally bound to perform, in good faith, the full range of obligations set out in the Convention. Just prior to the release of this 4th edition of Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues, the High Court of Australia handed down its decision upholding world-first, groundbreaking laws mandating plain packaging of tobacco products. 195 Cigarettes and other tobacco products in plain packaging with unmissable health warnings started appearing in shops throughout the country in September 2012—see Section 11.10 for detailed discussion.
In 2008, all governments in Australia signed the National Healthcare Agreement 196 with the ambitious goal of reducing adult daily smoking prevalence to 10% and halving the adult daily smoking rate among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders by 2018. As the 4th edition of the compendium was going on-line, the Commonwealth and state and territory governments had just approved a new National Tobacco Strategy 2012–2018 which is much more far-reaching than its predecessor 197–199 and aims to strengthen and extend activities in all the major streams of tobacco control over the six years to 2018. Advancing all these initiatives will require major political will, a great deal of effort from many, many people and, no doubt, an awful lot of writing! With each section of Facts and Issues produced by people who are highly knowledgeable in their fields, and thoroughly referenced with urls wherever available, it is to this last task in particular that we hope this publication makes a major contribution.
Michelle Scollo and Margaret Winstanley, editors, updated November 2012
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77. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue; Excise 1929–30 to 1938–39.Table XXXII Comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1929–30 to 1938–39. p 723. Canberra, CBCS, 1940. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
78. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Excise 1939–40 to 1948–49.Table XXXIV Quantity of spirits, beer, petrol, tobacco etc on which excise duty was paid in Australia during the years 1939–40 to 1948–49. p 998. Canberra, ABS, 1950. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument
79. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade, Excise 1949–50 to 1953–54; Table XXXIX Comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer, tobacco, petrol etc on which excise duty was paid and the Gross Excise Duty paid during the years 1949–50 to 1953–54. p 572. Canberra, CBCS, 1955. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09!OpenDocument
80. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade, Excise 1954–55 to 1958–59; Table 31 Quantity of spirits, beer, tobacco, petrol etc on which excise duty was paid and the Gross Excise Duty paid during the years 1954–55 to 1958–59. p not copied. Canberra, CBCS, 1960. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09!OpenDocument
81. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade, Excise 1958–59 to 1962–63; Table 33 Quantity of spirits, beer, tobacco, petrol etc on which excise duty was paid and the Gross Excise Duty Paid during the years 1958–59 to 1962–63. p 793. Canberra, CBCS, 1965. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09!OpenDocument
82. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas Trade; Table no 35 Quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid and the gross excise paid, 1963–64 to 1967–68. p 1050. Canberra, CBCS, 1970. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09!OpenDocument
83. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 78 7535.5 Overseas Trade; Table 22 Quantities on which duty was paid and the gross excise duty paid by item, 1972–73 to 1976–77. 112. Canberra, ABS, 1979. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/86297695c3fb9c514b2562ea001374a0!OpenDocument
84. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas Trade; Table no 32 Quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid and the gross excise paid, 1968–69 to 1972–73. p 632. Canberra, ABS, 1975. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09!OpenDocument
85. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 7 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1977–78. p 32. Canberra, ABS, 1980. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument
86. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 8 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1978–79. p 33. Canberra, ABS, 1981. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument
87. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1979–80. p 21. Canberra, ABS, 1982. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument
88. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1980–81. p 21. Canberra, ABS, 1983. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument
89. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1981–82. p 23. Canberra, ABS, 1984. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument
90. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 7 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1982–83. p 24. Canberra, ABS, 1985. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument
91. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1983–84. p 24. Canberra, ABS, 1986. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument
92. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1984–85. p 23. Canberra, ABS, 1987. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument
93. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1985–86. p 23. Canberra, ABS, 1988. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument
94. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 5 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1986–87. p 22. Canberra, ABS, 1989. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument
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99. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Annual Statement of the Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table V General imports, 1904 – Australia. p 118–20. Melbourne, CBCS, 1905. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/75e723dab2d300b94b2562ea000fa2bc!OpenDocument
100. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Annual Statement of the Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table IX. General imports, 1905 – Australia. p 132–33. Melbourne, CBCS, 1906. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/75e723dab2d300b94b2562ea000fa2bc!OpenDocument
101. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table IX. Imports, 1906 – Australia. p 125–6. Melbourne, CBCS, 1907. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument
102. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1907 – Australia. p 147–8. Melbourne, CBCS, 1908. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument
103. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1908 – Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1909. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open
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104. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1909 – Australia. p 72–76. Melbourne, CBCS, 1910. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument
105. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1911 – Australia. p 62–5. Melbourne, CBCS, 1912. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument
106. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1912 – Australia. p 62. Melbourne, CBCS, 1913. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open
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107. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1913 – Australia. p 61–3. Melbourne, CBCS, 1914. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open
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108. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1914–15 – Australia. p 60–2. Melbourne, CBCS, 1916. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument
109. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1915–16 – Australia. p 60–2. Melbourne, CBCS, 1917. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument
110. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1916–17 – Australia. p 58–60. Melbourne, CBCS, 1918. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument
111. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1917–18 – Australia. p 56–7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1919. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument
112. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1918–19 – Australia. p 53–4. Melbourne, CBCS, 1920. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument
113. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1919–20 – Australia. p 54–6. Melbourne, CBCS, 1921. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument
114. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1920–21 – Australia. p 55–7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1922. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument
115. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1920–21 and 1921–22 – Australia. p 56–8. Melbourne, CBCS, 1923. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
116. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1921–22 and 1922–23 – Australia. p 70–1. Melbourne, CBCS, 1924. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
117. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1922–23 and 1923–24 – Australia. p 65–7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1925. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
118. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1923–24 and 1924–25 – Australia. p 67–9. Melbourne, CBCS, 1926. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
119. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1924–25 and 1925–26 – Australia. p 67–9. Melbourne, CBCS, 1927. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
120. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1925–26 and 1926–27 – Australia. p 241–3. Melbourne, CBCS, 1928. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
121. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1926–27 and 1927–28 – Australia. p242–4. Canberra, CBCS, 1929. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
122. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1927–28 and 1928–29 – Australia. p 235–7. Canberra, CBCS, 1930. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
123. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1928–29 and 1929–30 Australia. p 196–8. Canberra, CBCS, 1931. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
124. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1929–30 and 1930–31 – Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1932. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
125. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1930–31 and 1931–32 – Australia. p156–7. Canberra, CBCS, 1933. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
126. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1931–32 and 1932–33 – Australia. p 150–1. Canberra, CBCS, 1934. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
127. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1932–33 and 1933–34 – Australia. p 160–1. Canberra, CBCS, 1935. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
128. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1933–34 and 1934–35 – Australia. p170–1. Canberra, CBCS, 1936. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
129. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1934–35 and 1935–36 – Australia. p 167–9. Canberra, CBCS, 1937. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
130. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1935–36 and 1936–37 – Australia. p 176–8. Canberra, CBCS, 1938. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument
131. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1936–37 and 1937–38 – Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1939. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument
132. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1937–38 and 1938–39 – Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1940. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!Open
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133. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1938–39 and 1939–40 – Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1941. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!Open
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134. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1939–40 and 1940–41 – Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1942. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument
135. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1941–42 – Australia. p182–5. Canberra, CBCS, 1943. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument
136. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1942–43 – Australia. p 152–3. Canberra, CBCS, 1944. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument
137. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1943–44 – Australia. p 152–3. Canberra, CBCS, 1945. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument
138. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1944–45 – Australia. p154–6. Canberra, CBCS, 1946. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument
139. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1945–46 – Australia. p 292–3. Canberra, CBCS, 1947. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument
140. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1945–46 and 1946–47 – Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1948. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument
141. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1946–47 and 1947–48 – Australia. p 358–60. Canberra, CBCS, 1949. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!Open
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142. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table IV. Imports, 1947–48 and 1948–49 – Australia. p 338–40. Canberra, CBCS, 1950. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!Open
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143. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade; Table IV. Imports, 1948–49 and 1949–50 – Australia. p343–5. Canberra, CBCS, 1951. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument
144. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade; Table IV. Imports, 1949–50 and 1950–51– Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1952. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09!OpenDocument
145. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1951–52; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1953. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument
146. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1952–53; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1954. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument
147. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1953–54; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1955. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument
148. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1954–55; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1956. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument
149. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1955–56; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1957. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument
150. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1956–57; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1958. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument
151. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1957–58; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1959. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument
152. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1958–59; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1960. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument
153. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1959–60; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1961. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
154. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1960–61; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1962. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
155. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1961–62; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1963. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
156. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1962–63; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1964. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
157. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1963–64; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1965. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
158. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1964–65; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1966. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
159. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1965–66; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1967. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
160. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1966–67; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1968. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
161. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1967–68; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1969. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
162. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1968–69; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1970. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
163. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1969–70; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1971. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
164. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1970–71; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1972. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
165. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1971–72; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1973. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument
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167. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1973–74. p 46–7. 1975. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/0c5d42ba9c4a3c2c4b2562ea0010d509!OpenDocument
168. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1974–75. p 40–1. 1976. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/0c5d42ba9c4a3c2c4b2562ea0010d509!OpenDocument
169. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1975–76. p 41–1. 1977. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/0c5d42ba9c4a3c2c4b2562ea0010d509!OpenDocument
170. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1976–77. p 47–8. 1978. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/0c5d42ba9c4a3c2c4b2562ea0010d509!OpenDocument
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Recent references
United States
Husten, C. and Deyton, L., Understanding the Tobacco Control Act: efforts by the US Food and Drug Administration to make tobacco-related morbidity and mortality part of the USA's past, not its future. Lancet, 2013. 381 (9877): p. 1570–80. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673613607357; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23642698
http://smhs.gwu.edu/news/full-implementation-traditional-public-health-strategies-and-new-regulatory-authorities-can
Kapp, J., Evaluation of the national prevention strategy in reference to historical population health. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2013. 27 (5): p. 281–3.Available from: http://ajhpcontents.org/doi/full/10.4278/ajhp.120711-CIT-340
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23631474
Canada
Riley, B., S. Viehbeck, J. Cohen, and M. Chia, `The magic is in the mix': lessons from research capacity building in the Canadian tobacco control community, 20002010. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 2013. 104( 2): p. e173–6 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23618213
Asia
Mackay, J., Ritthiphakdee, B., and Reddy, K., Tobacco control in Asia. Lancet, 2013. 381 (9877): p. 1581–7. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673613608545; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23642699
Endgame discussion
Branston, J.R. and A.B. Gilmore, The case for Ofsmoke: the potential for price cap regulation of tobacco to raise £500 million per year in the UK. Tobacco Control, 2013.Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2013/01/04/tobaccocontrol-2011-050385.abstract